Snuff - the medicinal cure-all and herbal panacea

by Deborah Swift

The Gawith Snuff Factory

I live close to Kendal in the Lake District in the North of England, and it is known as one of the foremost manufacturers of snuff; a brand known as 'Kendal Brown.' The reason snuff became established as an industry in Kendal can be traced back to two epidemics of Plague in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first epidemic in 1598 struck so badly that two thousand five hundred people died - an enormous number for a small town. The distress of the town was made worse by another epidemic in 1623, but this was not nearly so severe, and the reason was supposedly that people had begun to take snuff - then thought of as a remedy against all kinds of infection.

Outside of the factory with its distinctive sign showing a Turk
(tobacco was thought to be oriental) and his clay pipe

Kendal had easy access to the ports of Whitehaven and Lancaster, and so large quantities of tobacco were imported for the growing number of snuff mills in the town. Tobacco was grown in the British colonies of Maryland and Virginia. From Virigina alone, in 1629 one and a half million pounds of leaves were shipped to England from America. By 1700 Kendal was using its network of transport links, developed through the wool trade, to export snuff to London and the rest of the British Isles.

What is snuff?
Snuff is basically a blend of finely ground tobacco. It was discovered in the late 15th Century but its popularity grew in the 18th Century when it was used by everyone from Napoleon to Pope Benedict XIII. To produce snuff carefully selected, high grade tobacco leaves are sourced from all over the world and are aged for over 2 years. The leaves go through at least two fermentation processes before being ground to specific grades, such as Fine, Medium of Coarse. The Fine blend is the most intense, and the coarser less so, and suitable for beginners to snuff-taking. The snuff can also be moist, medium or dry, or flavoured with scents providing varying experiences for the user.


How snuff was made
the early method of making snuff was by hand, from the 'carrottes' or rolls of tobacco leaf - called carrottes from the French because of their resemblance to the shape of carrots. The carotte was gripped tightly at one end and then other end was ground against a 'rape', a rasp or grater.

A snuff box and grater

In aristocratic circles, the snuff grinding equipment was highly elaborate, and including several items strung on silver chains - a miniatire pick, grater, spoon and tiny rake for separating rough from smooth snuff. Some also included a silver-mounted hare's foot for brushing the snuff from the taker's upper lip. I long to include one of those in a novel!

This time-consuming method was soon superceded by water powered snuff mills in which the grinding process was automated. We tend to take this kind of thing for granted, but forget that heavy machinery of cogs and gears, and the heavy stone grindstones would have had to be transported by horse on carts and waggons, and often up and over hills or across bridges.The snuff itself was transported to the shops in barrels, boxes and bladders made of animal skin.

Snuff is one of the few forms of taking tobacco that has not succumbed to the modern world and the majority of English snuff blends are still made the traditional way. Samuel Gawith's 'Kendal Brown' uses heavy oak and stone pestles dating back to the 1700's to grind their snuff, while the rest of the work is done by hand.

The giant oak pestle still in use

Bottled precious and rare oils, such as Sandalwood and Rose Oil are stored in safes and are carefully blended in a secret room.When smoking was banned from the House of Commons in 1693 a silver communal snuff box was introduced with a supply of the famous 'English Rose' snuff, and surprisingly, is still used today.

'Insufflating' - a pinch of snuff

Traditionally you would take snuff from the back of the hand into both nostrils to take an even helping for each nostril. The portion taken would be half the size of a pea. Snuff was to remain in the front part of the nose, but sneezing was allowed. It was considered polite to use a kerchief or 'mouchoir' (French for handkerchief) to sneeze into, but loud sneezing was considered healthy and not rude.

Keeping snuff fresh

By the second half of the 17th century, ornate boxes were being produced to keep the precious powder dry. Snuff boxes or 'tabatières' are widely collected today, because they are often made from silver, engraved, chased, or enameled. Porcelain containers were also common, and sometimes snuff boxes were hand-painted with miniature landscapes or tiny portraits.

Snuff box with portrait of Marie Antoinette

Do read my previous post  on this blog(from 2013) for more on the fascinating art of snuff-taking.

Sources: 

As linked to pictures, also 'Kendal Brown' by J.W. Dunderdale (Helm Press). All pictures not linked are public domain


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Deborah Swift is the author of several novels set in the 17th Century. The Lady's Slipper, about a rare wild orchid of that name, is set in and around Kendal, and features the new Quaker movement, and the aftermath of the English Civil War.

Follow her on Twitter @swiftsory

or on her website at www.deborahswift.com

Snuff, the habit of five centuries

By Deborah Swift

Collection of snuff boxes from 18th -20th century (Hanson's auctioneers)

Christopher Columbus was responsible for bringing snuff, or ground tobacco, back to Europe in 1496 when one of his party noticed the native people of Haiti using it. It quickly became fashionable among the French and Spanish, and the frenchman Nicot (from whom we get the term 'nicotine') imported larger quantities to France during his travels abroad in the mid 16th century. Initially unpopular with the french monarchy, its fortunes were revived when Catherine Di Medici was given snuff by Nicot as a treatment for migraine. The resulting 'cure' popularized snuff amongst the french aristocracy.

Snuff was expensive as it had to be imported and the grinding process was laborious. Originally the tobacco plug was dried in an oven and then ground by hand in a hand mill by your servant to your requirements. This meant it was mostly available only to the rich. A whole culture grew up around the habit in the following centuries with the manufacture of snuff boxes and bottles and elaborate 'mouchoirs' or handkerchiefs. In England, snuff was made even more fashionable in the 17th century when Charles II returned to England from his exile in France and brought with him his snuff habit. 




Many different snuff mills grew up next to watercourses in London, Sheffield and Manchester to supply the habit. Retailers soon set up shops solely dealing in snuff and snuff accoutrements.

Kendal's snuff factory in the 19thC, click picture for history of snuff in Kendal

Morden Hall snuff grinding mill

Tiny, decorative boxes were popular, because prolonged exposure to air causes snuff to dry out and lose its scent. Snuff boxes were so small because they were designed to hold only one day's worth of snuff.

Carved wooden snuff bottle with hare
courtesy of Wikipedia

Snuff was brought over to America when the colonies were formed and was an essential part of early American life. America produced it’s own unique snuff that had a more smoky aroma than it’s European counterparts and a sweeter taste. Snuff is usually scented or flavoured in unique blends, and a typical blend would be floral, mentholated or spicy. Ingredients used to scent the snuff would include things such as cinnamon, nutmeg, sandalwood or camphor. Nowadays you can even get Cola scented or Cherry scented snuff!

In the coffee houses of the 17th century people took tobacco in three forms - as nasal snuff, inhaled into the nose, as chewing tobacco, and by 'drinking' it, i.e. by smoking it through a pipe.

Advertisement from circa 1700

The use of snuff was at its height in the 18th and 19th centuries, and it was recommended by doctors as a general cure-all, ironically as a treatment for coughs, colds or headaches.

Another interesting video on the history of snuff http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNFIYByVXCE

Professor A. Phillips Griffiths, of http://www.snuffbox.org.uk/ has been a regular snuff user since the 1940's. He  says the habit is catching on with a new generation since the ban on smoking here in the UK.  But if you are writing about a period any time between the 16th and the 20th century, chances are at least one of your characters would be familiar with the stuff.

My new novel, A Divided Inheritance, which will be out in October features a snuff factory, and I think it must have been wonderfully atmospheric with the ground particles of tobacco floating in the atmosphere and the scent of all the ingredients.

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Next week I am one of the few Brits at the Historical Novel Society Conference where I will be talking about my publication journey, blogging, and my other books: The Lady's Slipper and The Gilded Lily. 
If you are there and see me looking lonely, please come over and say hi! Picture should help you find me!