The Battle of Majuba Hill, February 27th 1881

by David William Wilkin

This month my contribution is more on what occurred during the first Boer War of 1880-1881--a war that did not last very long, resulted in a British defeat and, of course, did not resolve enough, so that there eventually was a second war that was much worse for all.

The Transvaal War, The Battle of Majuba Hill by Richard Caton Woodville

The Battle of Majuba Hill would prove to be the deciding battle of the war. Up to this point the Boers were very much having their way with the British. The Boers believe the British were thinking of trying to outflank them at Laing's Nek. Major-General Sir George Pomeroy Colley moved his troops up the 2000 foot tall hill on the night of the 26th--a feat, for the Boers did not think the hill was scalable.

There now were 405 British soldiers atop the hill--men of the 58th Regiment, the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) and a even a small naval brigade from the HMS Dido. Most of the troops though were inexperienced and the regiments had not seen any action since the Crimean War (which ended in 1856, twenty five years before.)

The aid post on Majuba Hill.  Lance Corporal Turner winning the V.C.

Colley was urged and advised to have the men dig in, but he ignored that. He also did not bring any artillery, which might have been difficult in any case. He seems to have believed that the mere sight of the British troops in a position of advantage would cause the Boers to retreat. The Boers, under Nicolas Smit, gathered together at least 450 men to attack the hill.

Daybreak was at 4:30. The Highlanders covered a wide perimeter, and a handful were at Gordon's Knoll (Kopje) on the right of the summit. 

The Boers began to panic fearing that the British had artillery on the hill. They had been taken by surprise and had not known of the soldiers until the Gordons began to yell and shake their fists. Three Boer parties began an advance on the hill. The groups were led by Field Cornet Stephanus Roos, Commandant D.J.K. Malan and Commandant Joachim Ferreira. The Boers, as they had proven in all the previous battles, were much better marksmen than the British infantry. (At about 10 to one efficiency in the previous fights.) With their skill, the Boers kept the British from attacking while they got into position. At 12:45 Ferreira's men began a great rate of fire on the exposed knoll and captured it. Colley had been in his tent and was informed that the Boers were advancing but took no action.

Over the next hour, the Boers came over the top of the British Line and engaged at long range, not hand-to hand. The ability of the Boers to sharpshoot and keep the British from using their bayonets was telling again. The British were not ready for this type of fighting (especially with units that had not seen action for 25 years). Now the British morale, since they were suffering all the casualties and the Boers were suffering almost none, failed. The British began to flee. The officers had done little during the attack till then.  They didn't issue orders or direct the fighting. The British line collapsed and many fled from the Hill, with the Gordons standing firm the longest. When they were routed though the battle was over. 

The Boers then further launched an attack the destroyed what remained of the British line. The Thin Red Line was broken.

Major General Sir George Pomeroy Colley

Colley attempted to order the men into a fighting retreat. He was shot and killed by a Boer marksman. The rest of the force fled down the rear slopes of Majuba, as many more were hit by the Boers who now had taken the summit and were shooting down at the foe.

The 15th King's Hussars and the 60th Rifles tried to stage a rearguard but it failed. They had marched from Mount Prospect but had little impact. 285 British troops were killed, captured or wounded, including Captain Cornwallis Maude (KIA), son of the 1st Earl de Montalt (who was a government minister).

Some of the British wounded were surrounded by the Boers and were able to give an account of what they saw. Many of the Boers who had defeated them were just farm boys armed with rifles. The British sense of prestige had assured those of the empire that they would easily and quickly be victorious. They found it hard to reconcile that when their professional army was defeated by such as the Boers. This was the first significant defeat since the American War of Independence for the British. Previous defeats since that war had always seen the British roaring back to victory in such wars. This was the last in a string of defeats over three months from which the British could not easily recover. It may have been philosophically the beginning of the end of the British Empire.

Research

Ian Knight The Boer Wars (1) 1836-98, 1996

Joseph Lehmann Echoes of War, The First Boer War, 1972

Donald Denoon Southern Africa Since 1800, 1972

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Mr. Wilkin writes Regency Historicals and Romances, Ruritanian (A great sub-genre that is fun to explore) and Edwardian Romances, Science Fiction and Fantasy works. He is the author of the very successful Pride & Prejudice continuation; Colonel Fitzwilliam’s Correspondence. He has several other novels set in Regency England including The End of the World and The Shattered Mirror. 


His most recent work is the humorous spoof; Jane Austen and Ghosts, a story of what would happen were we to make any of these Monsters and Austen stories into a movie.


And Two Peas in a Pod, a madcap tale of identical twin brothers in Regency London who find they must impersonate each other to pursue their loves.
He is published by Regency Assembly Press

The links for all locations selling Mr. Wilkin's work can be found at the webpage and will point you to your favorite internet bookstore: David’s Books, and at various Internet and realworld bookstores including the iBookstore, Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Smashwords.

And he maintains his own blog called The Things That Catch My Eye where the entire Regency Lexicon has been hosted these last months as well as the current work in progress of the full Regency Timeline is being presented.

You also may follow Mr. Wilkin on Twitter at @DWWilkin

Mr. Wilkin maintains a Pinterest page with pictures and links to all the Regency Research he uncovers at Pinterest Regency-Era

The First Boer War 1880-1881

by David William Wilkin

I know that I studied this whilst in college, ahem, a short while ago, ahem... Sorry, I have to remember that this was really 30 years ago now. And in that interval I forgot that there had been anything happening in the years 1899 to 1902 beside the main event.

The First Boer War was a very short war, as wars go. Longer than the Six Day War (which is not the world’s shortest war; the Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896 lasted 38 minutes on August 27th), the war is also known as the Transvaal War, and lasted 3 months and 3 days from December 20th 1880 to March 23rd 1881. It involved 3000 Boers against 1200 men of the Natal Field Force.

The British, thus outnumbered, suffered near 10 times the casualties of the Boers during the conflict. And, despite what one would expect in this era of Colonialism and the Race for Africa, the British lost.

How does this war, and then the next, come about? Do we look deep into the past when the Dutch East Indies company colonized the Cape in 1652?  And then over 150 years later, when the Netherlands were allied with the French, it was lost to the British?  Do we examine the history of the European families that had lived there for generations deciding to move further inland? And subsequently, do we look at the period between 1836 and 1840, when approximately 6000 Boers or Voortrekkers migrated beyond the reach of the British, into the interior.

It is a shame that they found such valuable items, like diamonds in the ground of their new lands--a shame that men and empires value such wealth and land for their dominion that human rights are secondary to these considerations.

Controlling the coast of Southern Africa was important to the British as it was one of the then two routes to India and other parts of the empire. But keeping the lands out of the hands of other European powers was just as important.  Of course, the great wealth that diamonds and later gold was an incentive to acquire the lands of the Transvaal. And in 1877, that is what the British did, using a trumped up pretense as justification--something that was quite acceptable amongst the Great Powers of the time.

In 1877, the Boers and the Zulus saw each other as threats and both sides looked to the British to provide a modicum of protection against the other. 

Sir Theophilus Shepstone, appointed by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Henry Herbert the 4th Earl of Carnarvon, took the opportunity to annex the Transvaal (The South African Republic), and the Boers, fearing the Zulus, allowed this. Paul Kruger, (known as Oom Paul) was elected by the Boers to deal with the Zulu threat and then with the British. He went to London twice for discussions where he was not treated kindly by the British press.

During this period the Boers gathered in Pretoria to sign a petition against the annexation which they had felt was illegal. Shepstone had cannon pointed at them trying to force them to disperse. 8000 voters gathered and of these 6,591 signed the petition. Out of all of these only 587 backed the Act of Annexation. The others were against it. The British had nowhere near the support they would have needed for their Act.

Shepstone now turned his attention to the Zulu, causing friction between them and the British, thus gaining time to keep the issue with the Boers in check. Sir Bartle Frere was sent to the Cape Colony from Britain to see to the matter, and he with Lord Chelmsford boxed the Zulu into a corner, even though the Disraeli government did not want another colonial war. The Zulu war broke out on January 11, 1879 and ended on July 4th 1879 with the conquest of the Zulu capital of Ulundi. The British used their victory over the Zulu to consolidate their power over the Transvaal.

Garnet Wolseley had come to conquer the Zulu and after things were quiet, he left, leaving Major-General Sir George Pomeroy Colley in charge. He had friends amongst the Boers but could not get to the Transvaal. His administrator, Owen Lanyon, a man without experience, and no real grasp of the situation, realized too late that troops were needed. 

The Boers fired shots at Potchefstroom on December 16th 1880, and an action at Bronkhorstspruit on December 20th. 

The Boer army was one of civilians--farmers with their own guns and horses. Nothing formal and certainly no uniforms. The Boers were marksmen, while the British aimed their rifles at an area and shot in volleys, hoping the weight of fire would hit the enemy.

At Bronkhorstspruit, 120 British troops from the 94th Foot were left dead or wounded within minutes. The Boers lost two killed and five wounded in this successful Boer ambush.

On January 28th, 1881 The Battle of Laing’s Nek took place.  Major General Colley was now able to take the field against the rebelling Boers. Colley tried to break the line but the forces of Piet Joubert held them. 480 British charged and 150 never returned as the Boers did their best to target senior officers amongst the British.

On February 8th, the Battle of Schuinshoogte (or Ingogo) was fought. Colley was trying to keep his supply lines open. He was escorting the mail wagon with a large escort but a larger force of 300 Boers attacked. The British lost 139 officers and men, half of the force that was sent to protect the convoy.

On February 14th Oom Paul initiated peace negotiations so hostilities were suspended. Colley received reinforcements and decided to attack.

The Battle of Majuba Hill on February 26th was a disaster for the British (in a war of disasters.) Colley led a night march of 360 men to the top of Majuba Hill. It overlooked the Boers and this should have given the British an advantage. The Boers stormed the hill and drove the British from it. Colley perished. The Boers lost one man, and five wounded. The British lost many.

The British lost the war, but kept the prize. The Boers got self-government under British suzerainty. 

The British lost for a variety of reasons. The Boers were better marksmen. The Boers had mobility, having their horses, while the British had few. And then the British of course were full of their own superiority thinking that the army was bound to beat the undisciplined mob of civilians.

Thinking that way would lead to more wars against those equal to their own power in the years to come, where they would then once again suffer great losses. It might be one thing to think that every African with a spear was easily beaten (which was not the case) but an enemy who could think with a gun, was another matter entirely

Should the British have taken the time to understand the Boers who had been moving away from the lands that the British ruled, then perhaps a diplomatic and peaceful alliance between the two could have occurred. They were neighbors, the British never releasing the Cape and their trail to India. The Boers never leaving Southern Africa. But the British could not see that the Boers were something more than farmers. And the Boers could not help but remember that they had come to South Africa for a chance to be free of any and every oppression. 

Research
Ian Knight The Boer Wars (1) 1836-98, 1996

Joseph Lehmann Echoes of War, The First Boer War, 1972

Donald Denoon Southern Africa Since 1800, 1972

* * *

Mr. Wilkin writes Regency Historicals and Romances, Ruritanian (A great sub-genre that is fun to explore) and Edwardian Romances, Science Fiction and Fantasy works. He is the author of the very successful Pride & Prejudice continuation; Colonel Fitzwilliam’s Correspondence. He has several other novels set in Regency England including The End of the World and The Shattered Mirror. 


His most recent work is the humorous spoof; Jane Austen and Ghosts, a story of what would happen were we to make any of these Monsters and Austen stories into a movie.


And Two Peas in a Pod, a madcap tale of identical twin brothers in Regency London who find they must impersonate each other to pursue their loves.
He is published by Regency Assembly Press

The links for all locations selling Mr. Wilkin's work can be found at the webpage and will point you to your favorite internet bookstore: David’s Books, and at various Internet and realworld bookstores including the iBookstore, Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Smashwords.

And he maintains his own blog called The Things That Catch My Eye where the entire Regency Lexicon has been hosted these last months as well as the current work in progress of the full Regency Timeline is being presented.

You also may follow Mr. Wilkin on Twitter at @DWWilkin

Mr. Wilkin maintains a Pinterest page with pictures and links to all the Regency Research he uncovers at Pinterest Regency-Era